1. • A problem is a difficult situation that needs to be solved.

1. • The solution is not known immediately, so some thinking or analysis is required.

1. • To solve a problem, there must be a specific goal or result that we want to achieve.

1. Finding the shortest route from home to college.
2. Calculating the total bill at a shopping mall.
3. Calculate the student's average marks.

1. • Problem solving in programming is the process of understanding a given problem, developing a logical solution, and converting that solution into a computer program.

1. • Programming is the process of writing a set of instructions for a computer to perform a specific task or solve a particular problem using a programming language such as C, C++, Python, or Java.

1. • These problems can be solved by following a clear and fixed sequence of steps.

1. • A series of actions are performed step-by-step to reach the solution.

1. • Example: Finding the area of rectangle from length and width.

1. • These problems cannot be solved using a fixed set of steps.

1. • They require experience, judgment, reasoning, or critical decisions to find a suitable solution.

1. • Example: Choosing a career, there is no formula that guarantee the best career.

1. • Computers have become an important part of our daily life and are used in many different areas.

1. • Computers allow us to perform tasks quickly, efficiently, and with greater accuracy.

1. • Example: We can use a computer or smartphone to order food Online.

1. • To solve a problem using a computer, we provide step-by-step instructions, called a program.

1. • Computers can easily solve algorithmic problems with fixed steps, while heuristic problems require judgment and decision-making.

1. • Artificial Intelligence (AI) helps computers perform tasks that involve learning, reasoning, decision-making, and problem solving.

1. • Clearly define the problem in very simple and precise language.

1. • Analyze the problem to find out different ways to solve the problem.

1. • Evaluate all the options and decide the best possible solution.

1. • Once the best solution is decided, clearly define the steps in which the solution can be obtained. That is, define the selected solution in a detailed step by step manner.

1. • Write the steps in a particular programming language so that it can be executed by the computer.

1. • An algorithm is a well-defined step-by-step procedure used to solve a particular problem.

1. • It describes the logic of solving a problem in a clear and systematic manner.

1. • It provides a blueprint for writing a program.

1. • It specifies the sequence of steps required to obtain the desired result.

1. • An algorithm can be implemented using a programming language such as C, C++, Python, or Java.
   • Example: Algorithm for finding the area of a rectangle.

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Accept the length of the rectangle.

Step 3: Accept the breadth of the rectangle.

Step 4: Calculate the area using:

  Area = Length × Breadth

Step 5: Display the area of the rectangle.

1. • Input: An algorithm may have zero or more inputs.

1. • Output: An algorithm must produce at least one output.

1. • Preciseness: Every step must be precise and clearly defined.

1. • Unambiguity: Each instruction must have only one clear meaning.

1. • Finiteness: The algorithm must terminate after a finite number of steps.

1. • Effectiveness: Each step must be simple, practical, and executable in a finite amount of time.

1. • Termination: No instruction should cause the algorithm to repeat infinitely.

1. • Correct Result: After termination, the algorithm should produce the desired result.

1. • Sequence means each step of the algorithm is executed in the specific order.

1. • E.g. Algorithm to add two numbers.

2. Input the first number as no1.

3. Input the second number as no2.

4. Calculate sum=no1+no2.

5. Display the result as sum value.

6. End

1. • Decision statements are used when the outcome of the process depends on some condition.

1. • A condition in context is any statement that may evaluate either to a true value or false value.

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Input first number as no1

Step 3: Input second number as no2

Step 4: if no1==no2

then print “ Equal”

             else:

print “Not Equal”

Step 5: Stop

1. • Repetition which involves executing one or more steps for a number of times, can be implemented using constructs such as while, do while and for loops. These loops execute one or more steps until some condition is true.

1. • E.g. Algorithm that prints first 10 natural numbers.

Step 2: [Initialization] set i=1, n=10

Step 3: Repeat Step 4 While i<=n

Step 4: Print i

Step 5: Stop

1. • Pseudocode is a simple, informal way of writing the steps of a program using English-like statements.

1. • It is used to plan the logic of a program before writing the actual C code.

1. • Example Pseudocode for adding two numbers

1. • 1GL: Machine language – uses binary (0s and 1s).

1. • 2GL: Assembly language – uses mnemonics.

1. • 3GL: High-level languages – C, C++, Java, etc.

1. • 4GL & 5GL: More user-friendly languages focused on productivity, databases, and AI.

1. • Also known as Low-Level Language

1. • Language directly understood by the computer.

1. • Uses 0s and 1s

1. • Machine-dependent

1. • Very fast

1. • Difficult to write and understand.

1. • Example: 10110000 01100001 (Binary Machine Code 0s and 1s) 

1. • A low-level language that uses short words and symbols instead of 0s and 1s.

1. • Easier to write than machine language

1. • Faster and more efficient

1. • Closely related to computer hardware

1. • Machine-dependent

1. • Examples: x86 Assembly – Used in Intel/AMD processors, ARM Assembly – Used in ARM processors

1. • Example code: MOV AL, 5

1. • A programming language that is easy for humans to read and write and does not require knowledge of computer hardware.

1. • Easy to read and write

1. • Easy to understand

1. • Less dependent on hardware

1. • Portable between different computers

1. • Examples:
     1. FORTRAN – Used for scientific and engineering work
     2. C – Used for general-purpose programming
     3. Python – Easy to read and widely used

1. • Purpose: Include standard library functions.
   • Example: #include <stdio.h>

1. • Purpose: Entry point of the program.
   • Example: int main()

1. • Purpose: Execute commands and operations.
   • Example: printf("Hello, World!");

1. • Purpose: End the main function and return status to the operating system.
   • Example: return 0; 

1. • coming soon.........

1. • A semantic error occurs when a program violates the meaning or rules of the C language, even if its syntax is correct.

1. • Not detected by the compiler; only discovered during runtime.

1. • Using an undeclared variable.

1. • Assigning an incompatible value to a variable.

1. • Using an operator with incompatible data types.